Type of evidence:
Peer-reviewed conference contribution (scientific committee) — ESVCN Congress
Institution involved:
Università degli Studi di Milano (scientific coordination as reported in the contribution)
Sector:
Dairy cattle — field monitoring (rumen functionality; production indicators)
Experimental design:
Before–after (1 year pre vs. 1 year post product introduction) on 7 farms
Sample:
7 farms; total 1,357 animals (herds of 75–330 cows)
Duration:
2 years total observation period (1 year pre + 1 year post)
Main outcomes:
Milk production; SCC (Somatic Cell Count)
Main results:
+4.14% milk production (P < 0.01)Context note:
Multi-farm evidence under real-world conditions; SCC and milk production are key operational indicators of farm quality and performance.
Methodological and Compliance Note:
The reported results derive from a field monitoring presented at a scientific congress and describe observational evidence with a before–after design. The findings should be interpreted within the context of the study design and the management conditions reported in the contribution; they do not constitute definitive proof of causality nor replace controlled multicenter studies. SOP STAR COW is not a veterinary medicinal product and is not intended for the treatment, prevention, or cure of diseases. Health and management decisions remain the responsibility of the attending veterinarian and the farm, in compliance with regulations and good farming practices.